![]() ![]() adhesion The tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another as a result of intermolecular forces. ![]() Stoichiometries other than 1:1 are also possible, e.g. Changes in connectivity may occur, but there is no loss of any of the original atoms and no gain of atoms that are not present in the reactant molecules. adduct A distinct chemical species that is the sole product of an addition reaction between two other distinct reactant species, in which all of the atoms comprising the reactants are retained in the single product. addition reaction In organic chemistry, a type of chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to make a larger one. actual yield acyclic Containing only linear structures of atoms (particularly in hydrocarbons). activation energy The minimum energy which must be available to a chemical system with potential reactants in order to result in a particular chemical reaction. activated complex A structure that forms because of a collision between molecules while new bonds are formed. The periodic series of metallic elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103, from actinium through lawrencium. acid–base extraction A chemical reaction in which chemical species are separated from other acids and bases.Īlso actinoids. It is often given as its base-10 cologarithm, p K a. A quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution expressed as an equilibrium constant for a chemical dissociation reaction in the context of acid-base reactions. acid dissociation constant ( K a)Īlso acid ionization constant or acidity constant. acid anhydride Any chemical compound derived by the removal of water molecules from an acid. The term "acid" is commonly used to refer to the entire aqueous solution, whereas stricter definitions refer only to the acidic solute. Colloquially, any compound which, when dissolved in water, yields a pH of less than 7.0. The Lewis definition is inclusive of many Brønsted–Lowry acids, though not all: most Lewis acids are not Brønsted–Lowry acids, and most Brønsted–Lowry acids are not Lewis acids. ) into the solution, which then accept electron pairs from the other species. This definition was intended as a generalization of the Brønsted–Lowry definition by proposing that acid-base reactions are best viewed as reorganizations of electrons rather than transfers of protons, with the acid being a species that accepts electron pairs from another species either directly or by releasing protons ( H + ( Lewis acid) Any chemical species or molecular entity that acts as an electron pair acceptor when reacting with another species, forming a covalent bond by accepting a lone pair of electrons donated by the other species, which is known as a Lewis base. The term "acid", when not otherwise qualified, often refers implicitly to a Brønsted–Lowry acid. ) by transferring protons to water molecules may also be called an Arrhenius acid. When dissolved in an aqueous solution, a proton donor which increases the concentration of hydronium ion ( H ) which is then transferred or 'donated' to the other species, which by definition is a Brønsted–Lowry base. ( Brønsted–Lowry acid) Any chemical species or molecular entity that acts as a proton donor when reacting with another species, because it loses at least one proton ( H + achiral (of a molecule) Having the geometric symmetry of being indistinguishable from its own mirror image lacking chirality. abundance accuracy How close a measured value is to the actual or true value. This type of absorption is the principle on which spectrophotometry is based. The process by which matter (typically electrons bound in atoms) takes up the energy of electromagnetic radiation and transforms it into any of various types of internal energy, such as thermal energy. ![]() Absorption differs from adsorption in that the first substance permeates the entire bulk of the second substance, rather than just adhering to the surface. The physical or chemical process by which a substance in one state becomes incorporated into and retained by another substance of a different state. By extrapolating the ideal gas law, the internationally agreed-upon value for absolute zero has been determined as −273.15 ☌ (−459.67 ☏ 0.00 K). A absolute zero A theoretical condition concerning a system at the lowest limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, or zero kelvins, at which the system does not emit or absorb energy (i.e. ![]()
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